History of the Phantom of the Opera Essay

In 1911, Gaston Leroux published Le FantÔme de l’Opera, the now famous book that gave birth to the legend of the Phantom.   Leroux had been fascinated by the mystery and design of the Paris Opera House.   As a theatre enthusiast, he had toured all the levels of the Opera House including a visit to the underground lake, cellar and hidden passageways. The mysterious events at the Paris Opera House which ignited Leroux ‘s interest began with Napoleon III’s call for a new opera house to be built in Paris in 1860, after he had survived an assassination attempt one evening when returning from the Opera.   The construction of the Opera House, faced many delays and construction stopped during the Franco Prussian War. After the war, the then unfinished Opera House was occupied by the working class who used it as a warehouse, observation post, communications center, military post and a powder store.   The cellar was once used as a torture chamber.   The new Paris Opera House was finally finished in 1875.   Finally, adding to the mystery, an unfortunate incident occurred in the Paris Opera House in 1896, a counter-weight of six and a half ton chandelier fell from the ceiling, killing a patron. Gaston Leroux always claimed that the ghost in the story was true, based on his investigations and tours of the Opera House.   He is quoted as saying: â€Å"The Opera ghost really existed.   He was not, as was long believed, a creature of the imagination of the artists, the superstition of the managers, or the absurd and impressionable brains of the young ladies of the ballet, their mothers, the box-keepers, the cloak-room attendants, or the concierge.   No, he existed in flesh and blood, though he assumed all the outward characteristics of a real phantom, that is to say, of a ghost.†Ã‚   (Leroux, G, n.d) In 1925, began the chain of events that would give rise to the phenomenon of the Phantom.   Universal Studios made the first film of the book – the silent movie, Phantom of the Opera, which starred Lon Chaney Snr.   A second version of the film, this time with sound and color, starring Claude Raines was produced in 1943.   Followed by a Spanish version in 1962, and a 1974 version starring Herbert Lom and Heather Sears. The Phantom was produced twice on stage in 1935 and 1975, without much success. Then, in 1986, the legend of the Phantom of the Opera would become one of the most famous stories in the world, when Andrew Lloyd Weber’s Musical – Phantom of the Opera hit the stage in London.   In the 21 years since the Musical began, it has broken all theatre records and is now the longest running Broadway Show in History. The success of the musical spurred the movie industries interest again in 2004, with a moderately successful movie called â€Å"Phantom of the Opera† based on Andrew Lloyd Webber’s opera.   Critical acclaim for the movie has been varied. The Phantom has outlived his creator who died in April 1927 and has become iconic to the 20th and 21st Century.    History of the Hit Musical – The Phantom of the Opera   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Andrew Lloyd Webber’s musical The Phantom of the Opera opened in London’s Majesty Theatre on 9 October 1986.   In the original London Cast, â€Å"The Phantom† was played by Michael Crawford, and â€Å"Christine† by Sarah Brightman (then wife of Andrew Lloyd Webber). The original creative team of the Phantom was: Harold Prince  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Director Cameron Mackintosh  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Producer Andrew Lloyd Webber  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Composer, Book, Co-orchestra Maria Bjà ¶rnson   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Production Designer    While Andrew Lloyd Webber had already been phenomenally successful with productions like Evita and the Sound of Music, â€Å"The Phantom† made stars of the actors and creative team members. The musical is still running 21 years later (2007) in London, Broadway (N.Y) and touring worldwide.   The Phantom has won over 50 awards including 3 Olivier, an Evening Standard Award, 7 Tony’s and 3 Outer Critic Circle Awards. At the time of writing, it is estimated that over 80 million people have seen the musical, with total ticket sales of over $3.2 billion.    Reviews of the Phantom of the Opera: The Daily Mirror’s first review of the Phantom of the Opera in 1986: It’s fantastic, fabulous and phantasmagorical! It’s fantastic, fabulous and phantasmagorical! From the eerily flickering lights that greet you outside Her Majesty’s Theatre to the last, glorious curtain call, Andrew Lloyd Webber’s long-awaited new musical, Phantom of the Opera, is a triumph. The special effects are among the most spectacular ever seen in the West End. The music is very bit as memorable as one would expect from the man who wrote Evita, Starlight Express and the rest. But most of all, the show belongs to Sarah Brightman and Michael Crawford, who soar and swoop through their hugely demanding roles like eagles. After all the well-publicised false starts and back-biting, Lloyd Webber has created a musical which deserves to be around well into the next decade. The story is based closely on the original novel of 1911 – unlike most of the Phantom of the Opera films which have been made over the years. Michael Carwford’s Phantom hides his hideously disfigured face by skulking in the stage caverns and pools deep beneath the Paris opera. His passion for music is the only thing which gives his life meaning until he becomes obsessed by Sarah Brightman’s Christine – a young opera singer whose beauty is matched only by the purity of her voice. He coaches her in secret while visiting dreadful catastrophes on anyone who refuses to advance her career. A hanged scene shifter is suddenly hideously dropped on to the stage in the middle of a performance. A vast crystal chandelier crashes on to the audience. As the phantom becomes more fiendish so Christine becomes increasingly mixed in her feelings towards him. A dreadful climax is fast approaching. The eerie sets of the unfolding drama – great stages filled with mist and shining candles – are interspersed with all the colour and spectacle of the operas being prepared and presented at the theatre. Despite all the â€Å"ghost train† theatricals the greatest thrills of the show come from Michael Crawford. He not only sings superbly but also captures the torment of the Phantom perfectly. If you only see one show this year, make sure it is this one! (Blake, J, 1986) In 2002, The Times wrote: Long-runners One answer is obvious: Maria Bjà ¶rnson’s stunning designs. The story, based on Gaston Leroux’s novel, begins on the Paris Opera’s stage in 1911. The building is dusty and neglected, the stage festooned with great swags of grey fabric. Old theatrical props are being auctioned off. Then, as the auctioneer announces the final lot — the opera’s enormous chandelier — the dustsheets fall away, the scene seems almost to dissolve and the theatre travels back in time to 1881 before our very eyes. It’s a vision of gaudy grandeur: gas lamps flicker, red velvet glows in the light and plaster nymphs and satyrs frolic on pillars. The opera is dogged by misfortunes that are rumoured to be the work of the Phantom, a malevolent figure who haunts the theatre. This sinister creature has become obsessed with Christine Daaà ©, a pretty chorus girl. But only cadaverous Madame Giry, the formidable ballet mistress, knows the terrible secret that lies behind the mask the Phantom wears. The musical’s best sequence occurs when the Phantom leads Christine through labyrinthine passages to his lair beyond a hidden lake underneath the building. As their boat glides over the misty water, surrounded by flickering candles, the effect is breathtaking. The problem is that this spectacle takes place early on and nothing afterwards can really compete. Harold Prince’s direction is slick and Gillian Lynne’s choreography effective, but Lloyd Webber’s music is often trite and dated. There’s little depth to any of the characters, either, yet the musical’s central relationship intrigues. For while Christine is Beauty to the Phantom’s Beast, she is haunted, not only by the opera ghost, but by the memory of her dead violinist father. This lends a pleasingly perverse Freudian twist to the erotic tension between the two characters, and the performers John Owen-Jones and Celia Graham make the most of it. Not only are they both excellent singers, they are fine actors too. Graham brings both passion and a childlike neediness to her portrayal of Christine. Owen-Jones uses his rich, powerful voice to great effect, crooning one moment, spitting bitterness the next. But the real star of the show is Bjà ¶rnson’s work. The designer died earlier this month, aged 53, and if Phantom has stood the test of time, it’s because of her. It is not the music audiences will remember; it’s the opera’s chandelier swinging crazily over the stalls, or a masked figure crouched menacingly over a gilded angel. And for those images alone, this show is still worth seeing. (Marlowe, S,   2002) The New York Times revisited the Phantom in 2005 and wrote this review: New York Times revisits the Phantom Old and Ghostly but Still a Hoot The paint on the balconies of the Majestic Theater looks chipped and the electronic drum machine sounds like something left over from a music video from the 1980’s. But â€Å"The Phantom of the Opera† really shows its age (17 years and running) when the signature special effect is presented. Musicals have opened and closed in the time it takes that chandelier to lumber to the floor. Looking like one of Ed Wood’s teetering flying saucers, it crashes to the stage with the force of a shopping cart, the biggest, most extravagant anticlimax in town. Seventeen years later: Sandra Joseph and Hugh Panaro are now playing the roles of Christine and the Phantom. Under the fearsome shadow of Hugh Panaro in â€Å"The Phantom of the Opera.† But what do you expect? It was designed during the Reagan administration. For a top-of-the-line chandelier, you will have to wait for the $40 million production of â€Å"Phantom† opening in Las Vegas next spring. But if the technology of the Broadway show seems a bit quaint, the real news is that the rest of the production has grown old gracefully. Judging by sheer invention, emotional punch and onstage talent, the venerable blockbuster still beats out almost all of the whippersnappers currently on Broadway. Maria Bjornson’s flamboyant gothic design and Harold Prince’s fantastical staging still have the gleam of finely polished professionalism. Led by the current Phantom (there have been 10 after Michael Crawford), Hugh Panaro, an up-and-coming musical theater star who finds the right mix of shock and schmaltz, most of the cast retains the freshness of opening night. That does not mean that Andrew Lloyd Webber haters, a large and very grumpy contingent, will be won over. Sorry, â€Å"The Music of the Night† hasn’t changed. Nor has Charles Hart’s bumbling lyrics (â€Å"You have brought me to that moment when words run dry†). But for those sentimental souls looking for a popular entertainment to transport them to a baroque, romantic new world with a powerful smoke machine, â€Å"Phantom,† I’m happy to report, still delivers the goods. Which is especially impressive, given that not long ago, the musical seemed to be on its last legs. By the fall of 2003, its peers â€Å"Miss Saigon,† â€Å"Cats† and â€Å"Les MisÃÆ' ©rables† had faded away. Ticket sales were down and rumors of its demise were common around Broadway. Flash-forward to today: crowds are lined up around the corner to see the show, which regularly sells out. Last week, 99 percent of the seats were filled. In January, barring a strike, disaster or nuclear holocaust, â€Å"Phantom† will eclipse â€Å"Cats† as the longest-running show in Broadway history. What happened? For one thing, it received a boost from Joel Schumacher’s film version of the musical, which opened in December. Even though it wasn’t a smash hit, the movie introduced a new audience to the show (as evidenced by the large number of young girls at the Majestic) and reminded old ones how superior the musical is. In fact, the bombastic film may be the only thing that makes the musical look understated. Mr. Prince, who continues to oversee casting and reportedly checks up on the show every few months, deserves credit for tending to it with care. When the box office dipped, he never panicked and cast a former Backstreet Boy for a short-term boost in sales. Unlike so many long-running shows, â€Å"Phantom† has not resorted to stunt casting. Although don’t be surprised if Mr. Panaro, who has been rumored on theater Web sites as the choice to star in â€Å"Lestat,† Elton John’s vampire musical heading to Broadway next season, becomes a household name someday. A young, charismatic actor, he brings a maniacal energy and Grand Guignol charm to the tortured Phantom. In his hands, the show concentrates more on the horror than the romance; but only once does he turn to the audience and growl – which, considering how scenery chewing this role could be, counts as admirable restraint. Surrounding him is a solid supporting cast who deliver disciplined performances free of the lazy flourishes that sneak into a role when an actor becomes bored by repetition. As the diva Carlotta, Anne Runolfsson flashes a hundred-watt smile and shows off a richly textured voice in the opening song, â€Å"Think of Me.† Jeff Keller and George Lee Andrews, the only actors with major roles who have been with the company since the beginning, are marvelous as the nervous theater managers who made the mistake of buying the Paris Opera House. In 2001, Mr. Prince had them switch roles to keep things fresh. Sandra Joseph (who doesn’t perform Wednesday evenings or Saturday matinees) is perfectly competent as Christine, although in her scenes with the Phantom she can come off as a bit bland. As her other love interest, Raoul, a terribly underwritten role, Tim Martin Gleason provides a strong voice and a stiff performance. In the romantic songs, one’s mind easily wanders to the bitingly funny Lloyd Webber parody in â€Å"Spamalot,† which droned on and on until the stars looked tired of their own voices. Then again, the winking and eyebrow-raising in satirical musical comedies like â€Å"Spamalot† and â€Å"The Producers† are part of what makes the proudly melodramatic and unironic â€Å"Phantom† a nice change of pace. The musical may seem as if it is from a different time, but that’s not necessarily a bad thing. (Zinoman, J, 2005) Personal Review:    The Broadway production of The Phantom of the Opera captures your attention right from the start and then you will be you will be drawn into a mysterious world of horror, romance and tragedy. Your journey keeps you spellbound through resonating songs sung by a handpicked cast, Maria Bjornson’s magnificent sets and costumes to both delight and frighten you. Gaston Leroux’s gothic novel comes to life through Andrew Lloyd’s Webbers’ Phantom.   The musical beautifully combines a mixture of genres, performed through opera, leaving the audience entrapped in a tragic tale of love. Whether you are recovering from fright or floating on Phantoms’ songs – this musical will keep, you entertained, wistful and somewhat disturbed leaving you thoughtful as to who should triumph in the end. New fans and old are still being enraptured by the phenomenon of The Phantom.       Works Cited: Blake, J, (1986) It’s fantastic, fabulous and phantasmagorical!, The Daily Mirror U.K. Retrieved 04/18/2007, http://www.thephantomoftheopera.com/poto/news_mediareviews_story.php?id=38 Leroux, G. n.d. Quotation Phantom of the Opera Official Site. Retrieved 04/18/2007, http://www.thephantomoftheopera.com/poto/show/the_show_history_filmography.php Marlowe, S, (2002), Long Runners, The Times, UK.   Retrieved 04/18/2007 http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/article805339.ece Zinoman, J, (2005), New York Times revisits the Phantom: Old and Ghostly but Still a Hoot, The New York Times, USA.   Retrieved 04/18/2007 http://www.thephantomoftheopera.com/poto/news_mediareviews_story.php?id=216    Bibliography: Paris Opera House (n.d.), Music of the 19th Century Paris, Opera. Retrieved 04/18/2007 http://gallery.sjsu.edu/paris/music/opera/opera_house.html The Phantom of the Opera (n.d.), Official Website.   Retrieved 04/17/2007, http://www.thephantomoftheopera.com   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        

Marketing Plan on Product Coca-Cola

Assignment Marketing Plan On (Product Coca-Cola) Prepared by Md. Mosaddek Hossen Id # 0220012 Tanima Trina Id#0220063 Sohel Mahmud Id # 0220013 Sabrina Chawdhury Id # : 0000000 Group- Leo Marketing Management Sec-1 Submitted to Mr. Rumman Hassan Lecturer School of Business Independent University, Bangladesh 25th April, 2006 25 April, 2006 Mr. Rumman Hassan Course Instructor Marketing Management School of business IUB, Dhaka-1212 Sub: Letter of transmittal Dear Sir, It’s our great pleasure to submit you this report on Market plan of Coca-cola. We have got a great experience while working on this report. We would like to leave this report to your kind consideration for any unintentional mistake that may accuser while doing this report. We are always at your service if you want to ask us any thing about this report and it will be a great pleasure to work with you again in future. Sincerely yours Md. Mosaddek Hossen Id # 0220012 Tanima Trina Id#0220063 Sohel Mahmud Id # 0220013 Sabrina Chawdhury Id # : Group- Leo Table of Contents Page number Acknowledgement ——————————————————————— 5 Executive Summary ——————————————————————-6 Introduction —————————————————————————-7 Beginning of the project ——————————————————–7 Preface ————————————————————————â⠂¬â€7 Company Overview ——————————————————————- 7-8 History —————————————————————————7 Coca-Cola Company in Bangladesh —————————————–8 Mission Statement ———————————————————————8 Motto of Coca-Cola: ——————————————————————–9 Strategic Goals —à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€-9 Short term ————————————————————————9 Long term ————————————————————————9 Situational Analysis ——————————————————————– 10-14 Product Definition —————————————————————10 Brand Name of Coca-Cola ——————————————————-10 External Factors —————————————————————– 11-12 Demographic ————————————————————–11 Social Factors ————————————————————11 Political Influence ———————————————————12 Competitors —————————†”———————————12 Government —————————————————————12 Internal Factor ——————————————————————- 13-14 Human Resource Management ———————————————13 Technology —————————————————————-13 Management Levels ——————————————————–13 Financing Capaci ty ——————————————————–14 Marketing Department —————————————————–14 Brand Building Efforts ————————————————————— 14-15 Relationship Building Effort ————————————————– 14 Building Values ——————————————————————-14 Target Market ———————————â€⠀Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€15 Consumption Rate ———————————————————————-15 Strategic Group Map of competitors in the beverage industry —————16 SWOT Analysis ————————————————————————-17 Critical Success Factors ————————————————————— 17-21 Strength ————————————————————à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 7-18 Patent ———————————————————————17 Own production plant —————————————————– 17-18 Research & Development ————————————————-18 High market share ——————————————————–18 Brand image ————————————————————– 18 Weakness ————————à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- 18-19 Don’t sell on account ——————————————————18 Less motivation down stream ———————————————-19 Insufficient advertisement ————————————————-19 Not skillful village distributor ———————————————19 Overconfidence in their product ——————————————-19 Opportunity ———————â⠂¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€-20 High growth rate ———————————————————-20 Huge local market ——————————————————–20 Acceptance of Pet bottles ————————————————–20 Good relationship with the distribution channel —————————20 Good relation with the Government —————————————20 Threats ——————————†”——————————————21 Other existing company —————————————————21 Good taste of competitors ————————————————-21 Political instability ——————————————————–21 Better professional promotion of competitor ——————————-21 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs ——————————————————–22 Marketing Mix ————————————————————————– 22-26 Product ————————————————————————–22 Price ——————————————————————————23 Distribution Channel —â €”——————————————————24 Promotion ———————————————————————– 24-26 Promotional activities of Coca-Cola —————————————24 Sales Promotion ———————————————————–25 Advertising —————————————————————-25 Public Relation ——————————————à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€26 Strategy Alternatives ——————————————————————26 Strategy Recommendations ———————————————————-26 Brand Element Choice Criteria —————————————————– 27-28 Exorability ———————————————————————–27 Meaningfulness ————————————————————â €”—27 Transferability ———————————————————————28 Adaptability ———————————————————————–28 Protect ability ———————————————————————28 Marketing research ——————————————————————-29 General objective ——————————————————†”———29 Specific research ——————————————————————-29 Data collection ——————————————————————29 Bibliography: ————————————————————————-29 Acknowledgement First of all, we would like to thank our lecturer Mr. Rumman Hassan; we are grateful to him for his cooperation in preparing this report. His proper guidance & helpful attitude help us to make this report. We like to thank Mr. M. A. Majed manager (statistics) of Tabani Beverage Company limited from whom we collected all the information. We offer special thanks to Mr. Shah Suja of Abdul Monem Ltd who really helped us by giving some information, which is required for our project. We also like to thanks Mr. Mustafir rahman who is a student of IUB & at the same time he is a distributor of coca-cola in Maymanshig districts who helps us to provide information. Executive Summary More than a billion times everyday, thirsty people around the world reach for beverages for refreshment. All around the world, drinking beverage is like an entertainment for people. Soft drinks are considered as consumer products. All round the world we can see a different marketing phase used by the beverage producing companies but in Bangladesh it is a little different. The companies do not directly sell their products to the end consumers. Companies such as Soft Drinks (Coca-Cola, Pepsi, RC-Cola, Uro-Cola, Virgin, etc), Mineral waters (Fresh, Mum, ACME and etc), Juices (Pran, Danish, Sezan, etc) are dependents on the distribution channels for making their products reach the final consumers. As the companies are not making the people aware about their beverage through directly selling it to them, they use other media and means to make its customers know about their products. They use the advertisements as one of the most important promotional tools. Along with advertisement they also use other promotional tools. We have done a study on Coca-Cola Company with the aim to learn about the different marketing prospects in Bangladesh and our selected product is Coca- Cola. Like always the company is doing quite well although at the current moment RC-Cola is dominating the market a little more than Coca-Cola. Still Coca-Cola has more market share than its competitors. Coca-Cola has an effective marketing and advertising campaign. As the company does not have that skillful village distributor they cannot reach out to a lot of people. There are lots of recommendations which are provided for the improvement of the functionality in the marketing sector The company’s investment in local communities in over 200 countries totals billions of dollars in jobs, facilities, marketing, purchase of local goods and services and most importantly the local business partnership. Introduction Beginning of the project We are students of MKT-302 â€Å"Marketing Management†. Our faculty Mr. Rumman Hassan, Lecturer, School of Business, Independent University, Bangladesh has assigned to us this report writing as a part of our course study. We are sincerely thankful to him for assigning or group such type of a project work in a group of four members. Preface In the past we had only two foreign companies in the production of beverages. One is Coca-Cola Company and the other Pepsi. In the recent years there is a change that we all can see. Some newer companies have entered into this market. Still Coca-Cola is holding on to its position in terms of its market share and market position. Like always it has got the same tremendous response from the people in Bangladesh. Previously it used to dominate a little more than what it does today. After the introduction of RC-Cola, a sister concern of Partex group they have seen a little down fall in their market share. As people are getting more choice many of Coca-Cola’s customers have diverted to RC-Cola beverages. Still with the company’s ever attracting advertise they have been able to hold on to most of its customers. They also serve to their customers the best quality beverage. Company Overview History The first company that conducted its operation in the soft drink industry was Coca-Cola. They brought a new revolution in the history of the world. Coca-Cola was established in May 1886 when a pharmacist Dr. John Styth PEMBERTON first produced syrup in a three-legged brass pot in Atlanta, Georgia backyard. Coca-Cola first bottled in 1894. Large scale bottling was only possible in 1899. They marketed and distributed the product in specific territories. Coca-Cola Company in Bangladesh Even before our independence of Bangladesh the Coca-Cola Company has started its operation in Bangladesh. Coca-Cola started its operation under a franchise agreement. In Bangladesh there are two franchisees conducting operation on behalf of Coca-Cola Company. One is Tabani Beverages Company Ltd and the other Abul Monem Ltd. Tabani Beverage was established in 1963 at 257, Tejgaon, Dhaka. It had a rated capacity of 50 BPM on and acre land area. After independence, in 1972, the plant was handed over to Bangladesh. Freedom fighter welfare trust under the ministry of industry with the increase of gradual market demand in 1985 transferred and newly installed the plant with an increased capacity of 250 BPM at Mirpur on seven acre land area. In 1993 a new plant with 500 BPM capacities was established just beside the previous plant. Now the total production line capacity of the company is app. 830 BPM. Tabani beverage produces 175 ml, 250 ml, 50 ml and 1000 ml glass bottle. They supply Coca-Cola drinks to Dhaka and Rajshahi divisions. Other than Tabani beverage the other franchisee of Coca-Cola Company is Abul Monem company ltd. In 1982 Abul Monem started their operation after they acquired the plant of K. Rahman & Company. In 1987 the company made an aggressive move to expand their market. They installed new H & K bottling line along with and installed capacity of 450 BPM at Comilla. Furthermore they company established another plant Chittagong. The state of the art bottling plant with an installed capacity 600 BPM is the most modern plant in the country and is equipped with the straight-line-technology from KHS German. Abul Monem produces the PET Bottles, CANS and GLASS Bottles of a newly introduced product. Mission Statement Respect for labor and a human right is the fundamental to Coca-Cola Company’s principles for conducting business around the world. We treat our employees in more that 200 countries in which we do business in fairness, dignity with respect. Or bottling partners and we operate in accordance with local laws and contribute to the communities. Ultimately, a company’s identity is measured by how it connects with people and with the world around it. That is why The Coca-Cola Company’s mission is articulated as a promise. The Coca-Cola Company exists to Benefit and refresh everyone it touches. All of our success, both past and future, is a product of this promise. Our growth hinges upon our ability to build and nature relationship-with consumers, customers, bottling partners, suppliers, government agencies, communities, employees and share holders. Further, as we help to build thriving communities all around the world, we seek to ensure a healthy and sustainable marketplace for our beverages-today, and far into the future. Motto of Coca-Cola: Through out the history of the world’s most popular soft drink, advertising for Coca-Cola has followed the trends of time. Coca-Cola’s advertising slogans are memorable and create lasting impressions. Since the first slogan was introduced in 1886 ‘Delicious and refreshing’. The overall theme has been refreshment- one of the pleasant things in life, distinctive and available nearly everywhere. Motto followed the lead to make Coca-Cola the best known soft drink in the world. Today, motto for Coca-Cola and the company’s other products are carefully aimed towards individual tastes while understanding the universal appeal of refreshment. And very appropriately, the company has globally launched its new motto Theme –â€Å"Enjoy Coca-Cola†. ‘Coca-Cola motto’, the world’s best-known consumer product demands the talents of professionals in many different areas. The mottos that has used till now are: â€Å"Dil thanda to duniya thanda† Strategic Goals Short term To create Quality, Service, Cleanliness and Value in their current product† Long term To acquire the position as a market leader of the beverage industry in Bangladesh by producing & serving high-quality and high value-added soft drink. Situational Analysis Product Definition Coca-Cola is consumer product because final consumer for personal consumption buys it. It also falls under the category of Convenience product, which requires very little planning, Little Comparison, low customer involvement, low price. It widespread distribution at convenient place makes it easier for the consumer to purchase the product. Coca-Cola has different sizes. They have 1 liter glass bottle as well pet bottle. Coca-Cola also has 175 ml and 250ml glass bottles. In addition, they also have 1. 5 liter of pet bottle and in the recent past they introduced into the market 2 liter pet bottle coke. It has also 250ml of can coke. Brand Name of Coca-Cola Coca-Cola Has become one of the most popular and widely known Brand roduct in the world It has high brand equity, and because of its high brand loyalty, name awareness, Perceived quality, strong brand association and other assets such as patent trademark and channel relationship. The Coca-Cola brand is value at $ 70 billion. Here we are dealing with tow most important situational factors- External & Internal factors. Some important determinants for this situation analysis are as follows: |EXTERNAL FACTORS |INTERNAL FACTORS | |1. Demographics |1. Human Resource Management | |2. Social Factors |2. Financial Capacity | |3. Political Influence |3. Technology | |4. Competitors |4. Management Level | |5. Government |5. Marketing Department | Table 1: situational factors External Factors Demographic Demographic is the study of people’s vital statistics such as their age, race, ethnicity and location. It is an uncontrollable factor in the external environment. Demographic is very important for marketing managers. After survey we find that teenagers are the prime consumer of Coca-Cola products, rather than the people at the age group of 60. Coca-Cola does not have an effective and fast distribution channel in the villages of Bangladesh. Their competitors have an upper hand in this zone. From the demographic point of view we have done a survey on the population who consume more Coca-Cola. |Age Limit |Percentage of Consumer | |Below 10 |10 | |11-15 |20 | |16-20 |23 |21-25 |18 | |26-35 |14 | |36-45 |11 | |45 and above |04 | |TOTAL |100 | Table 2: Source [Tabani beverage Ltd] Social Factors The most difficult external factors for marketing managers to forecast control or incorporate into marketing plans is the social factor. Social factors include our attitudes, values and lifestyle. According to the company’s mission statement or other statements it is clear that they do not use any such ingredients (e. g. Alcohol), which, contradict to our perception, values of Islamic religion or any other norms, and believes. Political Influence In Bangladesh hartal is a part of our life. Like all other third world counties we have political problems too. The marketing manager of Coca-Cola Company generally sells Coca-Cola 8,000 cases (1 case = 24 bottles) per day but during hartal time the company faces a great loss as they cannot transport their products to the market. Other than hartals they seem to have lesser problems regarding the political condition of Bangladesh. Competitors Pepsi is a very powerful brand name and is one of the biggest competitors of Coca-Cola. They compete with Coca-Cola throughout the world and it is no different in Bangladesh. At the current moment RC- Cola is a very big brand name in Bangladesh and is the greatest rival for Coca-Cola in Bangladesh. Mountain Dew is a new brand and is a threat for Coca-Cola. RC beverages with the brand image that Partex holds in this country RC beverage easily became a big competitor for Coca-Cola. RC’s market share is increasing which in not a good sign for Coca-Cola. Mineral water such as Mum, Fresh, ACME also a competitor of Coca-Cola. Different kinds of Juice also compete with soft drinks. Government Coca-Cola has been in business in Bangladesh for a long time but still today there is no record of the company being in any conflict with the government. Coca-Cola always tries to follow the government rules and regulation and they always pays the government the taxes and tariffs while bringing in their raw materials from their Parent Company. Internal Factor Human Resource Management Human resource management refers to the system that influences employee’s behavior, attitudes and performance. The roles of the Human Resource in Coca-Cola Company are as follows: †¢ Change Agents †¢ Choose a Strategic Partner †¢ Expert Administration Body †¢ Recruit Skilled and Efficient Employees Technology Like all other companies, for Coca-Cola, technology is the most important factor. Coca-Cola uses very high-tech machines for its production. In 1993 a new plant with 500 BPM capacities was established just beside the previous plant. Now the total production line capacity of the company is app. 830 BPM. In 1987 the Abul Monem Company installed new H & K bottling line along with and installed capacity of 450 BPM. The state of the art bottling plant with an installed capacity 600 BPM is the most modern plant in the country and is equipped with the straight-line-technology from KHS German. Management Levels Coca-Cola Company has three management levels: †¢ Strategic level: The Production Procedure, HRM, Store, Finance, Quality Control is all under his control. Technical Level: They are responsible for the administration, production, sales & distribution of Coca-Cola products. Under production department they have quality managers; under brand manager they have brand officer and marketing officer. †¢ Operational manager: They are responsible for the distribut ion of the products and are responsible for al operational activities. Financing Capacity From the financial report of 2002 and 2003 we can conclude that the company has a very good and sound financial capacity. Coca-Cola has a very high level of income. Moreover they are successfully conducting their business all over the world. Marketing Department All their distribution & sales promotion falls under this department. Coca-Cola Company has the marketing intelligence. They do a survey in all over the market situation and then they decide what step they should take. During the off seasons the marketing managers takes some promotional activities and uses few strategies to maintain their economic growth rate. The promotional strategies they use are like giving gifts, coupons, scratch cards etc. Brand Building Efforts Relationship Building Effort As the world's largest bottler of liquid, nonalcoholic refreshment, we operate in markets with dramatically different consumer preferences, product delivery systems, economic conditions, and marketplace opportunities. Despite these variables, Coca-Cola Enterprises meets the needs of local customers and communities throughout its diverse territories with a strong commitment to local, community-based marketing and superior marketplace execution. These concepts, combined with our firm belief in a decentralized operating structure that places responsibility and accountability as close as possible to the customer, clearly distinguishes Coca-Cola Enterprises from other bottlers. Building Values The people of Coca-Cola Enterprises are the heart and soul of our business, building relationships with our customers and our consumers in the communities we serve. By putting people first, we hope to create value for everyone touched by our Company. We strive for an atmosphere in which all employees are comfortable being themselves – offering ideas, making suggestions, expressing views, and appreciating our shared and unshared differences – regardless of their age, race, gender, nationality, ethnicity, religion or sexual orientation. Target Market From the above table we can see that Coca-Cola Company’s main target audience is the teenage people (16-20). They aim their advertisement mostly at them. Then they target the age group of 11-15. They are also quite a significant consumer of Coca-Cola products. They hardly target the aged people. Their target is between the ranges of 11-35 years old population. Consumption Rate Figure 1: Consumption rate of Coca-Cola & other brands No matter how hot or â€Å"cool† the flavor feud becomes this summer; Coke won't be sweating it too much. Coca-Cola up 30 Tk to 40 Tk, the world's largest beverage maker, is still comfortably perched in its slot as the local market leader, according to Beverage Digest. Currently market share of product Coca-Cola is 23%. Comparing to other beverages Coca-Cola is the market leader product brand. Strategic Group Map of competitors in the beverage industry Figure 2: Strategic Group Map of competitors in the beverage industry Products in adversely affected strategic groups may try to shift to a more favorably situated group. Here in beverage industry entry barrier is low that’s why too much product are available. Currently Coca-Cola, Pepsi, RC-cola, Virgin cola stands in same strategic group. Here Coca-Cola is the leading product of the beverage market industry in both market share and revenue generation. Pepsi has 2nd largest market share but its revenue generation is less than RC-cola. RC-cola has low market share comparing Coca-Cola and Pepsi but revenue generation is high. In Beverage industry upper 10, RC orange are the worst revenue generation product. Mum mineral water has demand but that’s market share is also low comparing to Coca-Cola. In this figure u see strategic gap. No company wants of reached their product in that position because it is not possible low market share with high volume of revenue. On the other hand no company wants for a product with high market share but low revenue generation. SWOT Analysis Strengths |Weaknesses | |Patent |Do not sell on account | |Own production plant |Less motivation down stream | |Research & Development |Insufficient advertisement | |High market share |Not skillful distributor | |Brand image |Over confidence on their product | |Opportunities |Threats | |High growth rate |Other existing company | |Huge local market |Good taste of competitor | |Acceptance of pet bottles is higher than |Political stability | |bottles |Better professional promotion of other | |Good relation with distribution channel |competitor | |Good relation Govt. | Table 3: SWOT Analysis Critical Success Factors Strength Patent Patent is most important and powerful strength of Coca-Cola Company. It’s an intangible asset for the company. Coca-Cola Company is a very well established group not only in Bangladesh but also all through out the world. They have a strong brand image all over the world and the same follows in Bangladesh. First half of the Coca-Cola Company is trade marked as â€Å"Coca†, so nobody can use this name. Patent is their powerful strength because its carries their image as one of the most reputed producers of beverage in the whole world. Own production plant: Coca-Cola Company has their own production plant in Bangladesh-Tabani Beverage established their own production plant with the capacity of 250 BPM, and beside that they newly installed higher capacity of 500 BPM. So they don’t need to depend on others. They only import the Syrup from the patent company & produce it for production. Another franchisee, Abdul Monem Company Ltd. started bottling line with the capacity of 450 BPM. Furthermore, they installed the most modern bottling plant capacity of 600 BPM from KHS German. Research & Development: They have well-established research & development department where they research over their existing product concentration & try to develop it. They also do researching on different taste of their products. They have highly qualified employees for their research & development dept. High market share: They are the most prominent manufacturers among all the beverage company in Bangladesh. They have higher market share than their competitors. Coca-Cola captures a market share of 26% where as the other products of Coca-Cola Company has very little share compared to it. Their greatest rival in Bangladesh is RC-Cola, which has a market share of only 19%. This shows that Coca-Cola Company has a high market share. Brand image: They have the most dominant brand name all over the world; they made their image for their brand name â€Å"Coca-Cola†. Whenever people think about soft drinks, the first name that comes into their mind is Coke. This shows how popular they are and how strong is their brand image. Weakness Don’t sell on account: Coca-Cola Company doesn’t sell on account, whereas other companies like selling on account to their dealers. For not selling on account their profit margin tends to go down. Also, they are loosing their dealers and distributors. Other companies are attracting those distributors and as distribution channel is the only way that the company can use to reach its final consumers they are facing serious problems. Less motivation down stream: They are very steady flow motivators for their product. They motivate but not so strictly, mean not maintaining the time period†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ [Need more] Insufficient advertisement: In our country, Coca-Cola does not have enough advertisement promotion. Thus their competitors are professionally more advanced than them. Their customers are not properly informed. They think that their brand name would always do the trick for them. Due to less advertisement promotion they are behind their competitor. We hardly can find any advertisement of Coca-Cola in villages. So, many of the customers of that parts of Bangladesh are not having Coca-Cola. Not skillful village distributor: Coca-Cola does not have a good and skillful village distributor. Coca-Cola products can hardly be seen in village areas. Their advertisements are also hardly seen in those areas. The distributors are not promoting Coca-Cola products in villages, which their competitors are. Their distributors do not have outlets or any other such facilities, which could be promotional for the company’s products. Overconfidence in their product: Just from the point mentioned above we can know that the company has overconfidence over their product. As they are the first beverage producers in the world and has a very strong brand image and patent, the company thinks that they will be able to sell their products without too any promotional activities. Coca-Cola does not have too much advertisement and are also not willing to sell their products on account to their dealers. As such they do not have that good distribution channel outside Dhaka city. They think people would buy their products because of its brand name. Opportunity High growth rate: From its very inception in Bangladesh, Coca-Cola has a very potential market in our country because of its international reputation, quality and high acceptance among people of all ages. Coca-Cola does not have that good distribution channel outside Dhaka but now they are trying to get hold of better distributors and thus the village people can have access to their products. So it can be seen that in the near future they can have even a greater market share than today. Huge local market: The selling activities of Coca-Cola are very high in the local market than other existing company. They capture the whole market by giving the best quality to their customer and dealing professionally. Acceptance of Pet bottles: Coca-Cola launched attractive pet bottles, which is accepted by the entire customer, as it is portable and people are willing to buy these pet bottles rather than the bottles. So their effort to launch pet bottles is successful. Good relationship with the distribution channel: Coca-Cola Company and its distributor have a very good relationship with each other. They supply their product according to their needs. They promote their distribution channel through discount & allowances. They serve their dealers on time. Good relation with the Government: Good relationship with the Govt. is very important for any company to run its business. Threats Other existing company: The other rising companies are becoming threat for Coca-Cola. Opening of one company decreases 1% market share each year. Today RC Cola is a very reputed beverage producer and with their attractive advertisements and distribution channels they are at this moment in a better position then Coca-Cola and it is a big threat to them. Not only RC Cola but Pepsi, Virgin and euro lemon are also in this business. This means that consumers have more options to choose. Good taste of competitors: The other beverage company’s product is also coming up with the different taste like; mountain dew, URO cola with lemon, Fizz- UP, Pepsi has but Coca-Cola Company does not have any product like that in our country. So that it’s been a great threat for Coca-Cola. Political instability: Like all other companies Coca-Cola also faces a lot of problems regarding the political situation of our country. The political instability creates a lot of problems in the production of goods. Due to hartals, the transportation of their products is affected a lot. Better professional promotion of competitor: Competitors are becoming very professional with their advertising. RC Cola has designed a very attractive advertisement. They are using all well-known models like Nobel and Reshmi, who is an Indian model, for heir advertisements. Not only RC-Cola but also other beverage producers are using models and jingles for their advertisements. Coca-Cola on the other hand does not have that many advertisements an as such is being threatened by its competitors. There is a possibility that their competitors would capture greater market share through advertisements. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs In 1943, Abraham Maslow first published his famous â€Å"Hierarchy of Needs† to explain what energizes and directs human behavior. It is no accident that very successful brands, such as Coke, appeal too many of Maslow’s deficiency and growth needs and that these needs are linked to powerful emotions: †¢ Physiological Needs (Coca-Cola quenches thirst and hunger. It is† delicious†& â€Å"refreshing. †) †¢ Safety/Security Needs (Coca-Cola is safe to drink worldwide. It is unchanging: â€Å"Classic Coca-Cola. †) †¢ Belongingness Needs (You are part of a large group of people who love Coca-Cola. ) †¢ Esteem Needs (Coca-Cola is recognized as a premium soft drink worldwide. It also call to mind memories of â€Å"special times and places. †) †¢ Aesthetic Needs (All Coke ads and designs have a sense of order and beauty. †¢ Self-actualization Needs (On the Coca-Cola web site, there are many stories on how Coca-Cola has deeply affected people’s lives) Marketing Mix Product Our selected product is Coca-Cola. Coca-Cola has different sizes. They have 1 liter glass bottle as well pet bottle. Coca-Cola also has 175 ml and 250ml glass bottles. In addition, they also have 1. 5 liter of pet bottle and in the recent past they introduced into the market 2 liter pet bottle Coca-Cola. It has also 250ml of can Coca-Cola. What's in a Coca-cola †¢ Carbonated Water †¢ High Fructose Corn Syrup †¢ Caramel Color †¢ Phosphoric Acid †¢ Natural Flavors †¢ Caffeine Price The retail price of the beverage products are given below: Product Item |Quantity per pack |Price | | | 250 ml. |12. 00 Tk | |Coca-Cola |500 ml |20. 00 Tk | | |1000 ml. (Pet) |40. 00 Tk | | |1500 ml |50. 00 Tk | | |2250 ml |65. 00 Tk | | | 250 ml. |12. 0 Tk | |Sprite |500 ml |20. 00 Tk | | |1000 ml. (Pet) |40. 00 Tk | | |1500 ml |50. 00 Tk | | |2250 ml |65. 00 Tk | |Fanta | 250 ml. |12. 00 Tk | |RC- cola | 250 ml. | | |500 ml |10. 00 Tk | | |1000 ml. (Pet) |18. 00 Tk | | |1500 ml |35. 00 Tk | | | |45. 00 Tk | |Pepsi | 250 ml. |12. 00 Tk | | |500 ml |2 0. 0 Tk | | |1000 ml. (Pet) |40. 00 Tk | | |1500 ml |50. 00 Tk | | |2250 ml |65. 00 Tk | |7 up | 250 ml. |12. 00 Tk | | |500 ml |20. 00 Tk | | |1000 ml. (Pet) |40. 0 Tk | | |1500 ml |50. 00 Tk | | |2250 ml |65. 00 Tk | |Mum |500 ml |10. 00 Tk | | |1000 ml |20. 00 Tk | |Sezan juice |250 ml |15. 00 Tk | |Pran juice |250 ml |12. 00 Tk | Table 4: Source [Tabani beverage Ltd] Distribution Channel Figure 3: Distribution Channel The company will establish an extensive distribution channel for all brand of coca-cola company to make it available throughout the country. It will build six distribution centers (Agent) in the six divisions of Bangladesh: Dhaka, Chittagong, Sylhet, Rajshahi, Khulna, and Barishal. From these distribution centers, they will supply the coca-cola & other brands to different districts dealers. From dealers, the sales representatives will supply retail shops (small and mega) on the basis of their demand. The small traders will purchase Coca-Cola directly from the dealers. Promotion Promotional activities of Coca-Cola Promotion means activities that communicate the merits of the product and persuade target customers to buy it. According to Coca-Cola promotion is one of the major tools of marketing. A good way of promoting a product not only helps to influence and motivate people to buy it but also give a good impression about a company and it products. Sales Promotion Sales promotion includes marketing activities-other than personal selling, advertising, and public relations- that stimulates consumers, trade and dealer effectiveness. Sales promotion can be aimed at end consumers, trade customers, or company’s employees. Coca-Cola offers all of these sales promotions every year for various purposes. Coca-Cola s sales promotion tools include free samples. Sales promotion is generally a short run tool used to stimulate immediate increase in demand. Frequently Coca-Cola uses sales promotion to improve the effectiveness of their promotion mix ingredients, especially advertising. Research shows that sales promotion complements advertising by yielding faster sales responses. Advertising Advertising is a form of impersonal, one-way mass communication paid for the sponsor. Many different media may transmit it. Examples include television, radio, newspapers, magazines, books, billboards etc. Coca-Cola does advertise by these media as well. The Coca-Cola advertising usually follows a campaign process that consists of five phases: †¢ Determining the advertising objectives †¢ Setting the campaign budget †¢ Determining the message to be transmitted to the target market †¢ Selecting the message vehicle and †¢ Evaluating the campaign Advertising is one of the most important promotional tools among the promotion mix of a company, which is used in order to convey their message along with visual effect. Coca-Cola is number one global brand in soft drinks items. So it also uses media advertising in order to capture full market coverage through out the world. In case of any sort of advertising campaign or slogan i. e. he central theme of ad is the most important part advertisement along with its storyboard. In fact, ad campaign communicates the product message to its target customers. Public Relation Concerned about the public images, Coca-Cola often spend large sum of money to build a positive consumer i mage. Public relations are the marketing function that:- †¢ Evaluates public attitudes †¢ Identifies the policies and procedures of the company and †¢ Executes a program of action to earn public understanding and acceptance. A solid public relations program can generate favorable publicity also. Thus Coca-Cola now spends huge money in the game field such as football and cricket, Sponsoring for charity shows etc. Organizing the ‘Asian Test Cricket Championship’, Coca-Cola Companies of Bangladesh paid Tk4, 000,000 approximate only for the final match of this tournament. Strategy Alternatives †¢ Maintain existing strategies †¢ Consolidate resources to focus on the soft drink market and divest of other businesses such as fruit drinks †¢ Leverage brand equity and financial resources to accelerate global market penetration with a view toward long-term profits Strategy Recommendations †¢ Focus on global market expansion †¢ Leverage brand equity and financial resources to dominate the global market †¢ Consider divesting of fruit drink lines and then reallocating resources to dominate the global soft drink market Brand Element Choice Criteria Exorability Brand Element |Criterion | |Brand Name |Coca-Cola can be easily recalled and recognized | |Slogans |â€Å"Coca-Cola Enjoy† â€Å"Always Coca-Cola† â€Å"Pio Saar Uthake† â€Å"Thanda M atlab Coca-Cola† â€Å"Dil Thanda to | | |Dunia Thanda† â€Å"Thandar naam Coca-Cola† can be chosen to enhance brand recall and recognition | |Jingles |Jingle can be also memorable | |Package |Attractive color with different packaging which contain all the information to make the package | | |memorable one | |Logos & Symbol |Unique logo and style of it by using red and white color that creates attraction to it’s | | |consumers mind | Table 5: Source [Tabani beverage Ltd] Meaningfulness Brand Element |Criterion | |Brand Name | Name of Coca-Cola has come from coco leaves and cola nut. | |Slogan |Its slogan has excellent meaning which can convey a message to build association | |Jingle |Its jingle carries distinctive message to its customer | |Package |Its packaging color convey the meaning of joy and pleasure | |Logo & Symbol |Its logo & symbol is unique and different from its competitor | Table 6: Source [Tabani beverage Ltd] Transferability Brand Element |Criterion | |Brand Name |Coca-Cola is globally accepted Brand | |Slogan |Its Slogan is easily acceptable through out the world | |Jingle |Jingle is transferable according to the culture of the host country | |Package |Packaging color and style is attractive through out the world | |Logo & Symbol

Challenges of E Commerce to Traditional Contracts

Challenges of E Commerce to Traditional Contracts Disclaimer: This work has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work produced by our Law Essay Writing Service . You can view samples of our professional work here . Challenges of E Commerce to Traditional Contracts As Information Communication Technologies progresses so do new media technologies such as the internet. Many individuals and businesses have moved towards such means as an opportunity for expansion in commerce.   [ 1 ]   This new path of business has been referred to as E-Commerce. It is defined as any business transaction that has been negotiated over an online system and where the parties interact electronically rather than by physical exchange or contact.   [ 2 ]   Due to this ICT revolution, information held by businesses can now be accessed by a wider group of people due to the availability of the internet. The principles of Contract law that governs online transactions continues to progress as businesses that are based online change and grow. Agreements can be as simple as clicking on a box to agree to purchase terms, or complex contracts covering intellectual property or consumer privacy.   [ 3 ]   As it continues to grow, e-commerce maintains its roots in traditional contract law however, as a result of the old and new complexity there are some challenges that e-commerce poses to the traditional model such as issues regarding offer and acceptance, jurisprudence and globilisation, state of mind and enforceability of electronic contracts as opposed to the traditional model of contract. OFFER AND ACCEPTANCE The basic concept of effective communication in contract formation is the concept of offer and acceptance.   [ 4 ]   E-commerce poses a major problem in relation to this issue. It is important to identify the offer and acceptance because they fix the precise time and place of the agreement, thus determining which jurisdiction is relevant.   [ 5 ]    Often in e-commerce transactions between parties never meet each other face to face. This is an immediate issue and challenge to the traditional form of contract as it makes it difficult to ensure the parties act lawfully and that the tra nsaction itself is legal and has undergone the steps necessary to regard it a contract.   [ 6 ]   When speaking of bilateral contracts, an offer is a clear statement of the terms in which a person (the offeror) promises to be bound and the other party (offeree) accepts the offer and it is through acceptance of this offer that a contract is created.   [ 7 ]   On the internet, it is difficult to determine whether a webpage is considered an offer or an invitation to treat. However, The Electronic Transaction Act however, in s14 states that a message is deemed sent under s14(1) when it ‘enters a single information system outside the control of the originator’ thus is deemed sent.   [ 8 ]    The words used in an online offer can often be considered misleading, and different legal systems may have different approaches to these problems. An acceptance is a final unqualified agreement to the terms of the offer.   [ 9 ]   Generally, it must be communicated to the offeror and the parties are free to vary by agreement.   [ 10 ]   E-mail is a common method of acceptance in ecommerce environment. Acceptance of an offer becomes effective at the moment the indication of assent by the offeree reaches the offeror.   [ 11 ]   Whilst E-mail is a common method of acceptance in the e-commerce it proves to be problematic. The ‘Postal Acceptance Rule’ states that when parties have agreed to transact a deal by post, the contract is deemed concluded when the letter of acceptance to the offeror is posted by the offere whether the offeree gets it or not. This rule does not apply to e-commerce. The Electronic Transactions Act 1999 (Cth) deems a message received under s14(3) when ‘the electronic communication enters [the addressee’s] information system’   [ 12 ]

World Geography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

World Geography - Essay Example It is undeniable that human beings derived numerous benefits from the study of earth’s geography through ages. Jerry and Martin (2000) agreed that geographic knowledge was instrumental or rather paramount during construction of the first world map. This first map commonly referred to as the Babylonian world map dates back to 600BC. According to Talbert and Richard (2009), invention of geography as a definite field of study would later be credited to Pythagoras, renowned for his approved claim that the earth is spherical. Subsequently, Pythagoras claim would open doors to advanced arithmetic perception of the spherical earth. From 2nd Century AD, Roman scholars employed the use of latitudes and longitudes in determining geographical difference in time. Harrison, Massey and Richards (2004) said that by the 10th Century, skilled geographers from the west could calculate with high precision the distance between various points on earth. This was the time when researchers started do cumenting detailed knowledge about the planet’s habitability. Eventually, medieval studies of the earth’s phenomena would soon pave way for western explorer like Christopher Columbus, accredited with discovery of new lands, especially America. In the early 18th Century, geography scholars struggled with the problem of longitudinal relations with time. According to James and Trapasso (2006), conflicts surrounding this problem came to a halt in 1760s when John Harrison used a chronometer and accurately acknowledged the Greenwich meridian as the reference longitude.

Understanding International Relations (IR) Essay

Understanding International Relations (IR) - Essay Example This essay stresses that the globalisation concept explains international relations better than the sovereignty concept. For one, almost all the aspects of the modern day society seem to have been influenced either directly or indirectly by globalisation. In addition, globalisation in its entirety is all about intensifying cross-border relations/interactions. Moreover, it looks at the interdependence between countries; consequently, this has a major impact on the international system. This paper makes a conclusion that globalisation concept demonstrates interconnectedness of different states in the modern international system. The interconnectedness includes bodies such as the International Federation of Stock Exchange whose decisions have, in one way or another, impacted states all over the globe and the world economy. Even more importantly, globalisation has facilitated the opening of national borders and the subsequent implementation of free trade. The consequence of this is cohesion between states and reduction of conflicts. In a nutshell, therefore, it can be argued that the globalisation concept is quite explicit in as much as international relations is concerned. The increase in the level of dependence among states and their interconnectedness that are key to understanding international relations are captured well globalisation. Globalisation has equally contributed towards the solving of international problems.

Analysis of The Cold War Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis of The Cold War - Literature review Example The Cold War for the Soviet Union was to take control of the communist nations under their policy whereas the United States had the aim of removal of communism from the world. The relationship of the Soviet Union and America was never to the par as the communist nation was an ally of the Germans before it attacked them. Communism was prevalent in the Soviet Union since its birth under the leadership of Lenin (McMahon 2003). This was followed by the rule of Joseph Stalin who further enforced communism over the states that fell under the jurisdiction of the Union. It was then that anti-communist policies started to escalate in the United States creating hate amongst the masses. Yalta Conference which took place in February 1945 was the start of rough relations between the two superpowers of the world. The American President at that time was Truman who was strictly against the communists and this led to the worsening of bilateral relations between the two countries. The invention of the atom bomb and the use of it in World War II created fears for the Russian government which further led to the Cold War (McMahon 2003). After the victory in World War II events followed which led to the Cold War among the superpowers. The Iron Curtain Speech was delivered by Winston Churchill on March 5, 1946. He urged the United States for a coalition against the union because of their policies against the democracy of the world. In 1946 it was found that Soviet spies were in America looking for information regarding the atomic bomb. Moreover, an agreement was violated by the Soviet Union when they did not withdraw their troops from Iran because of its resources of oil. Instead, a region of Iran was annexed by the Soviet Union which later came to be known as the Soviet Socialist Republic of Azerbaijan (Gaddis p. 30, 165-168). In the latter part of the 1950s, it was seen that the Russian President got even more furious at the actions of the United States. After World War II it was s een that several of the nations faced the problem of famine. It was here that the United States launched a plan known as the Marshall Plan to provide the famine struck places with food and other supplies. The foreign ministry of the Soviet Union replied to the Marshall plan in a negative manner stating it as an act sought to infiltrate the European countries.

Determining acceleration due to gravity using a simple pendelum Lab Report

Determining acceleration due to gravity using a simple pendelum - Lab Report Example ttl 19). This is due to earth’s radii changes caused by both altitude and latitude variations as one moves to the poles whereby distance to the crust continues to decrease. This is because at the poles the surface is flattened compared to the equator where there is bulging due to a large radius, which is the reason behind an individual’s location being the determinant of g. In quest to find g, this experiment utilizes the following formula, T = 2? / ? = 2? v (L/g) = 2? v (L/g) by rearranging g = 2?L / T2 Methodology Experiment Materials required Piece of string, which is lighter such that its weight is negligible Hook Pendulum or bob Stopwatch Meter rule or tape measure Supporting board for hook Steps to perform experiment The first step entailed setting up the experiment. This is by hanging pendulum or bob using a string from the supporting board where there is a hook, then adjusting L to approximately 50cm or appropriate length that will act as the initial value. Then displacement of a pendulum using a certain angle before released to swing back and forth took place. It was essential to ensure motion in this case was vertical instead of erratic elliptical, which mostly develops due to inappropriate displacement. Timing was at intervals of 10 oscillations for each chosen L until it reached about 125cm and having at intervals of 15cm, then tabulating obtained data. Data values were L, T and angles. After tabulation, calculation commenced to ascertain T2 and g values. Recording of data included g and its mean values besides standard error deviations. The last step encompassed plotting of L vs. T2 graph with the intention of ascertaining its slope, which was the value for g (Serway, Jewett & Vahe? 465). Results Table 1: Data Results L (M) T50 (S) T (S) T (S) T (S) T (S) T2 (S2) g (M/S2) 50 65 80 95 110 Discussion Formula and effects on experimental accuracy Based on the experimental results, error in L prompts a linear relation error in any resultin g value of g. This implies suppose there was a 10% error in value of l, it will reflect an erratic value of g having a margin of 10%. In addition, an error in g exhibited a squared or parabolic relationship with error evident in the value of T. Suppose T had an error bearing a margin of 10%, this will reflect 21% value of g. This is because 1.10 x 1.10 = 1.21 Controlling and measuring length String used in this experiment was light together with heavy mass. The purpose of the latter was to ensure the center of pendulum’s oscillation system was as close as possible to the center of the mass of fishing sinker. Then calculating mass of the string compared to that of the sinker commenced. There was also a need to increase the length of the string to ensure less percentage error restricted by 8m measuring tape (stairs were approximately 15m high). Accuracy’s margin was set at  ±5 or approximately 0.07% over 7.5m. It entailed one hour to wait for effective completion of st ring’s stretch and twist caused by the suspended mass, which was a lot of time. To rectify this problem in the next experiment, it would be essential to use a light string as well as measuring stretch before starting. Calculation of maximum centripetal acceleration commenced with the aid of angle created by pendulum (where PE converted to KE). However, this affected both string and accuracy of the data due to unknown stretch

My History about a Guard in the Mall Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

My History about a Guard in the Mall - Essay Example The guard looked like part of the furniture by virtue of his immobility. He was an inch or two shies of six feet and had a ruddy face. However, I could only see an outline of his nose and chin as he was not facing my direction. He had which I thought contrasted to his military style hair cut. On his head, he had blond crossly cropped like soldiers would be. He had on a well-starched blue short sleeved shirt and a pair of pants made of the same material. He had regulation boots, but it was the way he positioned his feet that made my neck snap up from my examination. From where I sat, I could tell his right shoe was clearly more buffed than the right one. I tried to play Sherlock Holmes and looked to see if he held his baton with his left hand. He did his holster was on the same side, so I concluded he was right-handed. He lifted up his face to examine something in the distance somewhere across the door his eyes were blue, and he had exceptionally busy eyebrows, which were not quite as brown as his hair. His eyes had a faraway look like a sailor trying to spy a distance inland from the deep sea. I wondered if he had been in the navy, and he seemed to be staring at a point far in the horizon even in an enclosed mall where there was not much of a horizon. His hands, which had shifted the baton to a peg on his belt, they were big pinkish callused hands which could have seen hard labor in the past. The fingernails on his left hand looked like they had been chewed on rather on rather than clipped. He stood with his feet apart, and this seemed to give him an element of stability as well as size. When he stood there, with his feet aside his hands constantly felt at his pockets area.  

Funding a New Biotechnology Firm Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Funding a New Biotechnology Firm - Assignment Example Bragg notes that this may be advantageous as the entrepreneurs are able to maintain ownership of the enterprise. He contends that tax deduction is another merit for using this approach. However, the demerit includes repayment of the principal amount accompanied by interest. The gain is that the entrepreneurs are able to acquire additional funds and develop from start up. Angel investors are yet another way within which one can acquire financing. This according to Hill & Power (2002) is acquiring venture capital from individual investors. It is more appropriate for start up business that has yet to get revenues or sales. The individual investors may be willing to invest if conditions of relinquishing control are accepted. They also may want to invest if they have prior knowledge of success in that particular field, which in these regard is the biotechnology enterprise. In his article, DeBaise (2009) observes that angel investors are wealthy individuals who may want ownership in the en terprise. In 2007 angel investors invested around $26 billion, which amounts to around 57,120 ventures that breaks down to $450,000. This is according to the research carried out by venture research at the University of New Hampshire in the year 2007. This, it contends, leads to a powerful resource for new entrepreneurs (DeBaise 2009). Self funding is another way through which the entrepreneurs can acquire funds. This is where they can decide to raise the required amount through contributions from own funds (Megginson 2004). Examples of ventures that started in this way include Dell Company that had its founder Michael Dell start with his own savings. To a large extent, this is very encouraging as the advantage is that the entrepreneurs are able to maintain control of the... This essay stresses that the decision to start any business is exciting and encouraging to the growth of the economy of any country. However, many entrepreneurs blow up their dreams of starting up businesses due to lack of finances to develop their ideas. It is with this view that the above paper has offered the various ways the entrepreneurs can solicit for funds. The prospects of acquiring funds from any of the proposed funds strategy are exciting but what is required is caution in whatever choice one takes. Recommending any particular funds strategy may deem inconsiderate but making a preference is rather fair so as the entrepreneurs can be able to contemplate what they want. This is to be backed by evidence that indeed that particular funding strategy has been successful. Angel investors are yet another way within which one can acquire financing. This paper makes a conclusion that the United States is ranked top as a biotechnology leader with many investors in that particular venture and the highest funding strategy at an 80 percent is venture capital. This stands out then as the most appropriate funding strategy due to the nature of venture. Biotechnology venture is known to be a high risk venture thus requiring alot of capital and investors who have the knowledge of the market. Venture capital in this perspective appears to be the solution for the entrepreneurs.

The Acts of Remembering and Memorializing Assignment

The Acts of Remembering and Memorializing - Assignment Example The rhetoric significance of the artifact becomes the critical issue that invites fresh interpretations that affect the present and the future. According to Foss (1986), Vietnam Veterans Memorial successfully appeals to the visitors because it not only violates the conventional form and expectations but exploits visitors’ personal experience and evokes memories that are unique. Foss believes that aesthetic response and rhetoric response are different. Aesthetic response is designed towards providing visitors with pleasant sensory feelings, especially the visual aspects in terms of color, shape, design etc. But the rhetoric response tends to explore hidden meaning to the shape, color, and environment. The difference between the two is important because aesthetic and rhetoric responses together give credence to the success of the artifact. They ensure that it serves its basic purpose of remembering and memorialization of past which can be interpreted creatively to connect with the present. According to Blair and Michel (2000), the Civil Rights Memorial performs civil rights tactics because the artifact is able to engage visitors and goads them to delve deeper and connect. This is interesting because the artifact is strategically located at Montgomery, Alabama which is rich in civil rights history and on the open plaza which is near to the Church where Martin Luther King served as pastor and where the voting march rights had ended in 1965. Performance plays important role in the remembering and memorializing because the public memorials need to evoke images of the past which should instigate responses from the visitors and engage them in constructive dialogues. Blair and Michel’s ideas closely relate with that of Olson, Finnegan, and Hope because they all agree that public memorials impel rhetoric responses which make people interact not only with the artifacts but also with the historical past.

Physician Assisted Suicide Essay Example for Free

Physician Assisted Suicide Essay When a person voluntarily and intentionally helps another person to take away his life, by act or omission, this is referred to as assisted suicide. All parties, in clear cases, convey their intentions unambiguously and each individual who is involved make voluntary, informed and competent choice. The person assisting in suicide does not directly kill the person but rather he helps the person to kill himself or herself. The means of assistance adopts various forms which may include providing the means or removing the obstacles. Kopelman, 2007) Physician assisted suicide on the other hand is when a physician assists a patient in taking away his or her life. This kind of suicide has been marked with great controversies with various factions holding viewing it an immoral act while others view it as moral. This paper argues that under various restricted circumstances, physician assisted suicide should be permitted. The act of suicide is not contrary to societal norms as had been argued by many moralists. This can be historically supported. What is known about the ancient Greek society support the idea that suicide was largely acceptable. According to Plato, suicide becomes a justifiable and rational act if life became immoderate. In his view, intolerable constraints and painful disease were a justification enough for one to take away his or her life. Within a period of one hundred years after his death, his followers embraced suicide as a desirable way out. This attitude towards suicide extended to the Roman Empire. The Romans considered suicide with neither revulsion nor fear. To them, it was a deliberately chosen validation of the principles of life. (Weir, 1997) During the time of Justinian, a private citizens suicide was not punishable if the cause was sickness, weariness of life, impatience of pain or lunacy. Since this encompassed all rational causes, all that remained was irrational suicide which had no cause and hence punishable. However, suicide was frowned upon by the Pythagorean School of philosophy which was then a minority view. Nevertheless, there did not exist throughout classical antiquity the prohibition of suicide. Christians later adopted to prohibit suicide even though they found it increasingly difficult to support this view based on the scriptures. There are no verses in the scripture which directly condemn suicide. Christianitys change of attitude toward suicide was largely motivated by practicalities even though the concept of sanctity of life is theologically rooted. The cult of martyrdom could have rapidly led to actual suicide in the name of religion thereby leading to a decrease in the number of faithful who at that time was badly needed by the Church. As such, the Church viewed suicide as a threat to its survival since faithfuls were dying in worrying numbers. With regard to assisted suicide, it becomes very difficult to decide what is right especially when the permission to deliberately take away human life is involved. Under such extreme circumstances, normal moral rules are often stretched to the point of breaking down. There are various circumstances which test the moral wisdom of men such as the intentional suicide by a spy who is preventing torture for the disclosure of important military information. Many people would agree that under such circumstances, ending life would be legitimate. As such, it largely depends on the circumstances. This dependence on circumstances brings us to the issue of physician assisted suicide. My argument is that only under carefully limited circumstances should a physician be permitted to assist an individual to end unnecessary suffering. This may include directly administering drugs which will facilitate the end of the patients life or any means through which the patient can use to take away his or her life. Under certain circumstances, the patients choice may take priority above other considerations. For instance, when a person suffers from an incurable disease such that life to him has become series after series of pain and suffering, losing meaning and a sense of purpose, desiring nothing but death, then assisted suicide may be considered. After all considerations have been made, his choice to end his life should finally be honored. The physicians role is to act in the best interest of the patient, and under some extreme situations, this may include assisting the patient to end his life hastily upon his request. However, many doctors hold that their role is to enhance and preserve life and not to deliberately end it. Lhier, 2008) If the physician’s role is restricted to healing, this automatically disqualifies his role of assisting a patient to end his or her life. However, this fails to address the scope and limit of the proper functions of the physician. The challenge for the physician is finding the best way of assisting the patient to come from a state of extreme pain to a state of wellness. If this cannot be achieved, then the physician may assist the patient in ending this miserable life that is causing so much suffering for the soul. This will be a magnification of the role of the physician and not a contradiction. At times, it becomes preferable to end suffering than extending life and hence suffering. The troubling factor in assisted death is that it involves a conflict in values. As we are bound to comprehend life, it is a wonderful adventure which promises love, pleasure, happiness and joy. However, circumstances alter it into a hopeless burden full of pain, despair and suffering. Every human individual desiring well being but finds himself locked within a body which brings nothing but pain has a right to decide and end his life. Under such circumstances, death may be preferred. If an individual arrives at the conclusion that life brings more pain and suffering and hence desires to take it away, our duty is to grant such individuals their wish. However, we are forbidden to kill by moral imperative. Morality and religion dictates that it is wrong to kill. On the other hand, they both encourage mercy. Every effort should be invested at guarding against abuse even though at a patients request, it would be helpful and merciful to end his unendurable suffering. Legalization of assisted death for the sake of the victims and their loved ones is demanded of by compassion and benevolence. The families of those individuals who have witnessed their loved ones under extreme pain provide a powerful argument in support of physician assisted death. When death has not yet brought relief for the afflicted and medical science has stretched its capability to the limit to no vain, a sense of powerlessness and despair is experienced by the members of his family as they watch in horror as a loved one is tormented by suffering. Thus, opting for death under such intolerable situations would be advantageous not only for the victim but also for the family members. Assisted suicide is just an extension of individual autonomy which individuals seek to enact throughout their lives. (Battin et al, 2002) Every individual, in response to the many convictions which purportedly makes life worth living, act in such a way as to shape these convictions which are also held for how death should be experienced. Medical establishments only penetrate bodily ills without regarding various personal views. Assisted suicide is thus a way of bringing back the sense of control to individuals who are approaching the end of their lives. It is an extension of the freedom to pursue life as one desires as long as it does not harm others. For the patient, assisted suicide becomes a way of customizing death. Assisted suicide apart from honoring peoples right of self determination is also a prudent policy. It is with this regard that physicians are needed as counselors to ensure that a patient makes a competent, unforced and rational choice. Holding high regard for the moral and legal heritage, I contend that physician assisted suicide should be looked upon with much reflection. There are times which call for a rethought of our principles, traditions and codes so as to bring to the fore real life experiences. Those ideals which were designed with good intentions sometimes tend to degrade life, being a source of unfathomable suffering. Prohibiting physician assisted suicide may be one such thing. Individuals with extreme and rare cases can be provided with an opportunity to manage their death without jeopardizing our reverence for life. As such, a way of being merciful to the dying without labeling those who assist them as criminals can be provided.

Measurement Theory And The Foundations Of Utilitarianism Essay Example for Free

Measurement Theory And The Foundations Of Utilitarianism Essay Utilitarianism Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are several theories which have been put forward by scientists to explain the actions of human beings and why people tend to behave in certain ways. One of the theories which have been put forward is the theory of utilitarianism (Weymark, 527-55). Utilitarianism is an ethical theory put forward by John Stuart Mill whereby he supports the value of utilitarianism in the society. Utilitarianism as describe by Mill is that it is a moral theory that is primarily based on the principle or view that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness (Mill, 8). Happiness which originates from the actions undertaken by an individual is defined as the â€Å"absence of pain.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Furthermore, according to Mills, there is difference in pleasure in terms of the quality as well as the quantity of pleasure that an individual may experience. Higher faculties, as observed by Mill, provide greater pleasure as compared to pleasure from baser faculties (Burgess-Jackson, 529-47). Furthermore, Mill observed that the achievement of goals by people as well as ends such as good lifestyle is often counted as part of the happiness that those people enjoy (Mill, 8).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition, utilitarianism is considered as the principle of the Greatest Happiness whereby any actions that an individual undertakes are considered to be right as long as they generate proportional happiness to the individual (Mill, 8). If the actions by an individual instead of promoting happiness result in the opposite, that is pain, then the actions are deemed to be wrong. Human beings perform different actions with an aim of generating satisfaction which in turn generates happiness. For example, when an individual takes up a job, the person expects to be paid for the work done and the payment received in turn helps the person to live a comfortable life (Mill, 8). Therefore, the action of working is right since the end result is good life for the person which means happiness. If the action of obtaining employment does not generate benefit but instead suffering for the person, then the action of being employed is considered as wrong be cause the end result will be pain and suffering for the person.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The consequence of the actions that one undertakes is of great importance and is what matters under utilitarianism unlike the action itself (Weymark, 527-55). Any action, event, circumstance or even an experience is desirable for human beings if the final or end result or consequence is that it will lead to happiness (Mill, 8). Another example is in marriage. People get married since the end result of being in a marriage is considered to be happiness and therefore marriage within any given society is considered as a good action and always celebrated (Woodard, 246-65). On the other hand, death is an event in the life of human beings but the end result of it is pain to the people that are bereaved which mean that the act of dying is wrong under the utilitarianism theory.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I find that this theory of utilitarianism is very much applicable and makes a lot of sense in terms of helping us understand why people will take some actions and yet at some point there are people that may view the action as wrong (Burgess-Jackson, 357-85). Under utilitarianism, the action is only wrong if it results in pain and suffering and reduces the level of happiness but it is right if the end result is happiness and if it increases happiness. We are often faced with choices in life and what actions we are supposed to take.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From personal experience, I have always made decisions and undertook actions as a result of the end result that I will obtain. If the end result of a certain action that I am supposed to take is going to affect me negatively, I often forego the action and look for alternative. For example, I realized that if I decided to go to school and study, I will be able to get a good job and live a good life, which meant I will be happy with myself. If I choose to take on actions such as drug trafficking, I may get arrested and spend all my life in prison which will pain and suffering hence reducing my happiness (Weymark, 527-55). Based on the utilitarianism theory, I chose the action of going to school as the end results will help increase the level of happiness in my life unlike the other action of drug dealing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Furthermore, this theory makes sense as it natural supports the sentiments of human beings which is found in their social nature. Human beings, we are social and always seek for happiness in all actions ad relationships that we build (Mill, 8). A woman would love a certain man and not another man because she perceives happiness with that person. According to Mill, a view which I fully support and makes sense is that, happiness is the only thing that people want in life and all the emotions, actions and activities that people go through or undertake are often directed at achieving happiness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   No one in this world wants to live a life of suffering and pain but all seek for happiness. I agree to this view based on an example of a sick man. When one is sick, and feels pain in the body, they cannot stay like that and just wait to die. Instead, people always seek the help of a doctor so that they can recover from the pain and enjoy the happiness of being healthy again (Weymark, 527-55). The action of going to a doctor for treatment is aimed at attaining happiness as the end result. Therefore, happiness is the center of human life and all issues in the life of an individual are directed towards achieving happiness, often with the benefit to the majority in mind.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Compared to utilitarianism, ethical egoism opposes by suggesting that people should be more self-centered and only undertake actions which will benefit them more despite the outcome ton the majority. Self-interest is the primary concern before the interest of other people under utilitarianism (Dougherty, 527-37). On the other hand, deontology is based on the rule or rules that guide the actions of an individual. However, despite morality based on rules, the element of happiness is not considered and hence no benefit to an individual (Dougherty, 527-37). It is more concerned with the actions of an individual rather than the consequences of those actions. An action can be considered as ethically wrong based on the rule despite having greater benefit to an individual and the society at large (Dougherty, 527-37). This is completely ion contrast to utilitarianism which is based on the consequences. Therefore, from the comparison of the three et hical theories, I would stand by utilitarianism since it looks after the interest of everyone, that is, the individual and the society at large. References Burgess-Jackson, Keith. Deontological Egoism. Social Theory Practice 29.3 (2003): 357-385. Academic Search Premier. Web. 9 Dec. 2014. Burgess-Jackson, Keith. Taking Egoism Seriously. Ethical Theory Moral Practice 16.3 (2013): 529-542. Academic Search Premier. Web. 9 Dec. 2014. Dougherty, Tom. Agent-Neutral Deontology. Philosophical Studies 163.2 (2013): 527-537. Academic Search Premier. Web. 9 Dec. 2014. Mill, John S. Utilitarianism. London: Longmans, Green, 1879. Print. P.8 Weymark, John A. Measurement Theory And The Foundations Of Utilitarianism. Social Choice Welfare 25.2/3 (2005): 527-555. Business Source Complete. Web. 9 Dec. 2014. Woodard, Christopher. The Common Structure Of Kantianism And Act-Utilitarianism. Utilitas 25.2 (2013): 246-265. Academic Search Premier. Web. 9 Dec. 2014. Source document